ଆଇନ ବ୍ୟବସାୟର କ୍ଷେତ୍ର
ଦେୱାନୀ ମକଦ୍ଦମା
ମକଦ୍ଦମା, ନିଷେଧାଜ୍ଞା, ଅସୁଲି ଏବଂ ଚୁକ୍ତି ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ବିବାଦ, ଆର୍ଜି ଓ ଲିଖିତ ବୟାନ (pleadings)ଠାରୁ ଅନ୍ତିମ ଶୁଣାଣି ଓ ଅପିଲ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ।
ଦେୱାନୀ ମକଦ୍ଦମା ଘରୋଇ ପକ୍ଷମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ, ଏବଂ ନାଗରିକ ଓ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସମ୍ପତ୍ତି, ଅର୍ଥ, ଚୁକ୍ତି ଓ ଅଧିକାର ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ବିବାଦକୁ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ କରେ। ଏହା ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଦେୱାନୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟବିଧି ସଂହିତା, 1908 (Code of Civil Procedure) ଦ୍ୱାରା ପରିଚାଳିତ, ଏବଂ ସମୟସୀମା ତାମାଦି ଆଇନ, 1963 (Limitation Act)ରେ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଧାରିତ।
ଏହି କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ କ'ଣ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ
ମକଦ୍ଦମା
ଘୋଷଣା, ଦଖଲ, ବଣ୍ଟନ, ଚୁକ୍ତିର ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ପାଳନ (specific performance) ଓ ଅର୍ଥ ପାଇଁ ମକଦ୍ଦମା, ଆର୍ଜି କିମ୍ବା ଲିଖିତ ବୟାନ (pleadings)ଠାରୁ ପ୍ରମାଣ ଓ ଯୁକ୍ତିତର୍କ ଦେଇ ରାୟ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ, ଏବଂ ଡିକ୍ରି ପାଳନ ନହେଲେ ଏହାର ଜାରି (execution)।
ନିଷେଧାଜ୍ଞା
ମକଦ୍ଦମା ବିଚାରାଧୀନ ଥିବା ସମୟରେ ସ୍ଥିତି ବଜାୟ ରଖିବା ପାଇଁ ଦେୱାନୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟବିଧି ସଂହିତାର ଅର୍ଡର XXXIX ଅଧୀନରେ ଅସ୍ଥାୟୀ ନିଷେଧାଜ୍ଞା, ଏବଂ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ପ୍ରତିକାର ଆଇନ, 1963 (Specific Relief Act) ଅଧୀନରେ ସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଓ ବାଧ୍ୟତାମୂଳକ (mandatory) ନିଷେଧାଜ୍ଞା।
ଅସୁଲି
ଅର୍ଥ ଅସୁଲି ପାଇଁ ମକଦ୍ଦମା, ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଦାବି ଲିଖିତ ଚୁକ୍ତି କିମ୍ବା ବିନିମୟସାଧ୍ୟ ଲିଖତ (negotiable instrument) ଉପରେ ଆଧାରିତ ହେଲେ ଦେୱାନୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟବିଧି ସଂହିତାର ଅର୍ଡର XXXVII ଅଧୀନରେ ସଂକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ ମକଦ୍ଦମା (summary suit) ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ।
ଚୁକ୍ତି ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ବିବାଦ
ଚୁକ୍ତି ଭଙ୍ଗ, ପୈଠ ଓ ପାଳନ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଭାରତୀୟ ଚୁକ୍ତି ଆଇନ, 1872 (Indian Contract Act) ଅଧୀନରେ ବିବାଦ। ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ବିବାଦଟି ବାଣିଜ୍ୟିକ ଅଦାଲତ ଆଇନ, 2015 (Commercial Courts Act) ଅଧୀନରେ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ମୂଲ୍ୟର ଏକ "ବାଣିଜ୍ୟିକ ବିବାଦ", ସେଠାରେ ତତ୍କାଳ ଅନ୍ତରୀଣ ପ୍ରତିକାର ମାଗାଯାଉନଥିଲେ ଦାଖଲ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ମକଦ୍ଦମା ପୂର୍ବ ମଧ୍ୟସ୍ଥତା (pre-institution mediation) ଆବଶ୍ୟକ।
ଅପିଲ, ରିଭିଜନ ଓ ରିଟ୍
ପ୍ରଥମ ଓ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ଅପିଲ ଏବଂ ଦେୱାନୀ ରିଭିଜନ, ଏବଂ ଓଡ଼ିଶା ହାଇକୋର୍ଟରେ ସମ୍ବିଧାନର ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ 226 ଅଧୀନରେ ରିଟ୍ ଆବେଦନ।
ଦେୱାନୀ ମକଦ୍ଦମା ସାଧାରଣତଃ କିପରି ଆଗେଇଥାଏ
- ନୋଟିସ। ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ପ୍ରଥମେ ଏକ ଆଇନଗତ ନୋଟିସ ପଠାଯାଏ। ସରକାର କିମ୍ବା କୌଣସି ସରକାରୀ ଅଧିକାରୀଙ୍କ ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ତାଙ୍କ ସରକାରୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ ମକଦ୍ଦମା କରିବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ, ଦେୱାନୀ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟବିଧି ସଂହିତାର ଧାରା 80 ଅଧୀନରେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଦୁଇ ମାସର ନୋଟିସ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ।
- ଦାଖଲ। ସ୍ଥାନ ଓ ଦାବିର ମୂଲ୍ୟ ଉପରେ ଅଧିକାରକ୍ଷେତ୍ର ଥିବା ଅଦାଲତରେ କୋର୍ଟ ଫି ସହ ଆର୍ଜି ଦାଖଲ କରାଯାଏ।
- ଲିଖିତ ବୟାନ। ବିବାଦୀଙ୍କୁ ସମନ ଜାରି କରାଯାଏ ଏବଂ ସେ ସଂହିତାରେ ଅନୁମୋଦିତ ସମୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଲିଖିତ ବୟାନ ଦାଖଲ କରନ୍ତି।
- ବିଚାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବିଷୟ ଓ ପ୍ରମାଣ। ଅଦାଲତ ବିବାଦୀୟ ବିଚାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବିଷୟ (issues) ସ୍ଥିର କରନ୍ତି; ପକ୍ଷମାନେ ଦଲିଲୀୟ ଓ ମୌଖିକ ପ୍ରମାଣ ଉପସ୍ଥାପନ କରନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ଜେରା କରାଯାଏ।
- ଯୁକ୍ତିତର୍କ ଓ ରାୟ। ଅନ୍ତିମ ଯୁକ୍ତିତର୍କ ପରେ ଅଦାଲତ ରାୟ ଦିଅନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଡିକ୍ରି ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରନ୍ତି।
- ଅପିଲ ବା ଜାରି। କୌଣସି ପକ୍ଷ ତାମାଦି ଅବଧି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅପିଲ କରିପାରନ୍ତି; ଡିକ୍ରିଧାରୀ ଜାରି (execution) ପାଇଁ ଆବେଦନ କରିପାରନ୍ତି।
ସମୟସୀମା
ତାମାଦି ଆଇନ, 1963 ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରକାର ମକଦ୍ଦମା କେଉଁ ଅବଧି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦାଖଲ କରିବାକୁ ହେବ ତାହା ସ୍ଥିର କରେ। ଚୁକ୍ତି ଉପରେ ଆଧାରିତ ଅନେକ ଦାବି ତିନି ବର୍ଷ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଆଣିବାକୁ ହୁଏ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଅବଧି ଓ ତାହା କେଉଁ ତାରିଖଠାରୁ ଗଣାଯାଏ ତାହା ଭିନ୍ନ ହୁଏ, ତେଣୁ ଶୀଘ୍ର ଯାଞ୍ଚ କରିବା ଉଚିତ।
ଫୋରମ
ମାମଲା ଅନୁସାରେ, ଏହି କ୍ଷେତ୍ରର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟବାହୀ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖିତଙ୍କ ସମ୍ମୁଖରେ ହୁଏ:
- ସିଭିଲ ଜଜ୍ (ସିନିୟର ଓ ଜୁନିୟର ଡିଭିଜନ) କୋର୍ଟ
- ଜିଲ୍ଲା ଓ ଦୌରା ଜଜ୍ କୋର୍ଟ
- ଓଡ଼ିଶା ହାଇକୋର୍ଟ, କଟକ: ଅପିଲ, ରିଭିଜନ ଓ ରିଟ୍ ଆବେଦନ
- ଋଣ ଅସୁଲି ଟ୍ରିବ୍ୟୁନାଲ (DRT), କଟକ, ବ୍ୟାଙ୍କ ଓ ଆର୍ଥିକ ସଂସ୍ଥାଙ୍କ ଅସୁଲି ପାଇଁ
- ଲୋକ ଅଦାଲତ, ଆପୋଷ ସମାଧାନ ପାଇଁ
ସାଧାରଣ ସୂଚନା, ଆଇନଗତ ପରାମର୍ଶ ନୁହେଁ। ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ମାମଲା ତାହାର ନିଜସ୍ୱ ତଥ୍ୟ ଓ ଦଲିଲ ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭର କରେ, ଏବଂ ଆଇନ ଓ ସରକାରୀ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ବଦଳେ। କୌଣସି ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ନେବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ସମ୍ପୃକ୍ତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟାଳୟରୁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର ସ୍ଥିତି ଯାଞ୍ଚ କରନ୍ତୁ, କିମ୍ବା ଆପଣଙ୍କ ନିଜ ତଥ୍ୟ ଉପରେ ପରାମର୍ଶ ନିଅନ୍ତୁ।
ଆଇନ ସହାୟିକା
ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧିତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
How does a civil suit move in an Odisha court, from plaint to decree?
Stages of a civil case in Odisha under the CPC: plaint, court fee, summons, written statement, issues, evidence, decree and execution.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
How do I file an injunction suit to get a stay order on property in Odisha?
Preventing interference with land: temporary injunction under Order 39 CPC, permanent injunction, ex parte stay, disobedience and appeal.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
How do I file a money recovery suit in Odisha to get back money owed?
Recovering money lent or owed: notice, the three-year limit, summary suits under Order XXXVII CPC, regular suits, interest and execution.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
How do I file a caveat petition in Odisha, and how long is it valid?
A caveat under Section 148A CPC ensures you are heard before an interim order is passed: when to file, where in Odisha, 90-day validity.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
How do I file a writ petition in the Orissa High Court?
Writ petitions under Article 226 at Cuttack: the five writs, who they lie against, the alternative remedy rule, e-filing and next steps.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
What is the limitation period for filing a case in India? A chart
Time limits for civil suits, appeals, execution, cheque bounce, consumer, MACT and labour claims, with Article and section numbers.
ଇଚ୍ଛାପତ୍ର ନଥିଲେ ପାରିବାରିକ ସମ୍ପତ୍ତି କିପରି ବଣ୍ଟନ ହୁଏ?
କେଉଁ ଉତ୍ତରାଧିକାର ଆଇନ ଲାଗୁ ହୁଏ, ଉତ୍ତରାଧିକାରୀ କିଏ, 2005ଠାରୁ ଝିଅମାନଙ୍କ ଅଧିକାର, ଏବଂ ବଣ୍ଟନ କିପରି ହୁଏ।
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
What is adverse possession, and how does the 12-year rule work in Odisha?
The 12-year rule under the Limitation Act, 30 years for government land, what must be proved, tribal land, and how to protect your land.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
What does the Odisha apartment ownership law say about flat owners' rights, associations and common areas?
The Odisha Apartment (Ownership and Management) Act, 2023: declaration, deed of transfer, allottees' association, common areas and disputes.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
What is benami property law in India, and is property bought in a wife's or child's name benami?
What counts as a benami transaction, the family exceptions, confiscation and penalties, and the bar on suits by the real owner.
ଅଧିକ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧିତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
How do I get building plan approval in Bhubaneswar?
BDA building permission on the SUJOG portal, documents, occupancy certificate, and what to do on an unauthorised construction notice.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
How do I cancel a fake or fraudulent sale deed in Odisha?
Fake, forged or fraudulent sale deed: civil suit under Section 31 Specific Relief Act, BNS forgery complaint, and the three-year limit.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
How do I get a certified copy from the Orissa High Court online, or from a district court in Odisha?
Online Certified Copy service of the Orissa High Court, copying applications in district courts, digitally signed orders and limitation.
ଓଡ଼ିଶାରେ ଧାରା 138 ଅଧୀନରେ ଚେକ୍ ବାଉନ୍ସ ମାମଲା କିପରି ଚାଲେ?
NI Actର ଧାରା 138: 30 ଦିନର ନୋଟିସ, ପୈଠ ପାଇଁ 15 ଦିନ, ଏକ ମାସ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦାଖଲ, କେଉଁ ଅଦାଲତ, ଅନ୍ତରୀଣ କ୍ଷତିପୂରଣ ଓ ଆପୋଷ ସମାଧାନ।
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
What makes a contract or agreement legally valid and enforceable in India?
Essentials of a valid contract, stamp duty on agreements in Odisha, e-signatures, and what to do when the other side breaches.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
How are court fees in Odisha worked out, and how do I pay them online?
Court-fees Act, 1870 as it applies in Odisha: ad valorem and fixed fees, valuing a suit, e-court fee payment, shortfall and refunds.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
How does a defamation case work in Odisha, civil or criminal?
Criminal defamation under BNS Section 356 and civil suits for damages: what counts, the ten exceptions, notices, online posts and time limits.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
How do I get a disability certificate (UDID card) in Odisha?
Applying for the UDID disability certificate in Odisha, the medical board, appeals, RPwD Act rights, pension and where to complain.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
How do I check court case status, cause lists and orders online in Odisha?
Case status, cause lists and orders for Odisha district courts and the Orissa High Court: eCourts, CNR, app, SMS and certified copies.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
How do I claim employee compensation for an injury at work in Odisha?
Workplace accident compensation under the Code on Social Security: ESI or employer, the formula, the two-year claim and appeal.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
My PF claim was rejected. How do I fix it or complain in Odisha?
Why EPF claims are rejected, current withdrawal rules, settlement timelines, EPFiGMS grievances and the PF offices in Odisha.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
What is the BSA section for an old Evidence Act section? (Evidence Act to BSA table)
A verified Evidence Act to BSA table: 65B is now 63, 27 is the proviso to 23(2), 32 is 26, with burden of proof and witness sections.
- ଇଂରାଜୀରେ
What are the remedies if a false FIR is filed against me?
Legal remedies against a false case: notice and bail, representation to police, quashing, discharge, compensation, prosecution and damages.
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Can I cancel a gift deed in Odisha after it is registered?
When a registered gift can be revoked: Section 126 TPA, cancellation suits, and the senior citizens' tribunal under Section 23.
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Where does an Odisha government employee go with a service matter?
Transfers, promotion, suspension, penalties and pension: departmental remedies and the Orissa High Court after the OAT's abolition.
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What is a Gram Nyayalaya in Odisha, and what cases does it hear?
Village courts under the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008: the 24 operating in Odisha, the cases they hear, procedure, fees and appeals.
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How do I claim gratuity in Odisha if my employer does not pay?
Gratuity under the Code on Social Security: five-year rule and exceptions, the 15/26 formula, 30-day payment, competent authority, appeal.
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How is land acquisition compensation worked out in Odisha, and how can I challenge it?
How land is acquired in Odisha under the 2013 Act: notifications, objections, how compensation and solatium are calculated, and references.
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How do I get land demarcation done in Odisha?
How a plot is measured and its boundary marked in Odisha: applying at the Tahasil, the Amin's survey, fees and boundary disputes.
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How do I get a delayed birth certificate or late death registration in Odisha?
Registering a birth or death after 21 days in Odisha: the registrar, late fees, and the magistrate order needed after one and two years.
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How do I send or reply to a legal notice in Odisha?
Sending and replying to a legal notice in Odisha: when one is required, Section 80 CPC notice to government, contents and service.
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What do legal terms like plaint, ex parte, cognizance and vakalatnama mean?
Plain meanings of court words: plaint, decree, ex parte, caveat, cognizance, charge sheet, vakalatnama, plus Odia terms and HC case codes.
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How does a Lok Adalat work in Odisha, and when is mediation used instead?
National and Permanent Lok Adalats in Odisha, pre-litigation settlement, court-referred mediation, and what an award or settlement means.
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What are the minimum wages in Odisha, and how do I claim unpaid salary?
Odisha minimum wage rates, salary payment deadlines under the Code on Wages, and how to claim unpaid wages at the labour office.
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How do I file a motor accident claim in Odisha, and is there a time limit?
Road accident compensation in Odisha: MACT claims, no-fault and hit-and-run amounts, documents, the six-month limit and cashless treatment.
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How can an MSME in Odisha recover delayed payments from a buyer?
The 45-day rule and compound interest under the MSMED Act, filing on MSME Samadhaan, and how the Odisha MSE Facilitation Council works.
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How do I deal with a neighbour boundary or right-of-way dispute in Odisha?
Boundary walls, blocked paths, drainage and light: demarcation, easement rights under the Easements Act, the SDM, and civil suits in Odisha.
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How do I make a noise pollution complaint in Odisha, and who acts on pollution?
Loudspeaker and DJ limits, police and District Magistrate complaints, OSPCB, tree felling and the NGT Eastern Zone Bench at Kolkata.
ଓଡ଼ିଶାରେ ପାରିବାରିକ ଜମି କିପରି ବଣ୍ଟନ ହୁଏ: ଦଲିଲ ଦ୍ୱାରା ନା ମକଦ୍ଦମା ଦ୍ୱାରା?
ଓଡ଼ିଶାରେ ପଞ୍ଜୀକୃତ ବଣ୍ଟନ ଦଲିଲ, ତହସିଲ ବଣ୍ଟନ କିମ୍ବା ଦେୱାନୀ ବଣ୍ଟନ ମକଦ୍ଦମା ଦ୍ୱାରା ଯୌଥ ପାରିବାରିକ ଜମି ବଣ୍ଟନ, ଏବଂ ତା'ପରେ କ'ଣ ହୁଏ।
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How do I register a partnership firm in Odisha?
Partnership deed, stamp duty, online registration with the Registrar of Firms (IGR Odisha), fees, time limits and the LLP alternative.
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Can I file and argue my own case as a party in person in Odisha courts?
Running your own case without an advocate in Odisha: legal basis, filing steps, the Orissa High Court, criminal cases, risks and legal aid.
ଓଡ଼ିଶାରେ ରାଜସ୍ୱ ଅଦାଲତ କିପରି କାମ କରେ, ଏବଂ ଅପିଲ କେଉଁଠାକୁ ଯାଏ?
ତହସିଲଦାରଙ୍କଠାରୁ ରାଜସ୍ୱ ପର୍ଷଦ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ରାଜସ୍ୱ ଅଦାଲତର ସ୍ତର, ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଜମି ଆଇନ, ଅପିଲ ଓ ରିଭିଜନ, ଏବଂ କେବେ ରିଟ୍ ଦାଖଲ ହୁଏ।
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How do I get an RoR correction done in Odisha?
How a wrong name, area, kisam or holder in an Odisha RoR is corrected: Tahasil cases, OSS Act routes, Board of Revenue and civil court.
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How do I file an RTI application in Odisha?
Filing an RTI in Odisha on paper or online: the Rs 10 fee, the 30-day reply, and appeals up to the Odisha Information Commission.
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I received a SARFAESI notice under Section 13(2). What should I do?
SARFAESI 13(2) and 13(4) notices explained: the 60-day and 45-day deadlines, objections, and the DRT at Cuttack for Odisha.
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How do I get shop registration and a trade licence in Odisha?
Shop registration after the 2025 amendment, BMC and municipal trade licences on SUJOG, and other labour registrations in Odisha.
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The seller backed out of an agreement for sale in Odisha. Can I get specific performance?
When a seller refuses to register: suing for specific performance, the 3-year limit, Odisha's registration rule and refund of advance.
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How do rent agreements, eviction and tenant rights work in Odisha?
Rent agreements, registration and stamp duty, deposits and eviction in Odisha, with the 1967 Rent Control Act and the 2026 draft law.
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How does trademark registration work in India, from search to certificate?
Trademark search, filing Form TM-A, examination objections, opposition, government fees and the timeline, for applicants in Odisha.
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How do I apply for a transgender certificate, and what changed in 2026?
Transgender certificate via the national portal, the 2026 Amendment Act's medical board, rights, and Odisha's Sweekruti scheme.
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What is a vakalatnama, and how do I change my advocate?
What a vakalatnama is, what it contains, who signs it, and how to change advocate or withdraw one with an NOC or the court's leave.
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How do I transfer vehicle ownership in Odisha?
Transferring a vehicle's RC in Odisha: Forms 29 and 30, Parivahan steps, NOC, loans, and transfer after the owner's death.
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How do I make a POSH complaint about workplace sexual harassment in Odisha?
POSH Act complaints in Odisha: Internal Committee, the district Local Committee, the three-month limit, the 90-day inquiry and appeal.
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What can I do about wrongful termination in Odisha, and how are unpaid dues claimed?
Dismissal, retrenchment, unpaid wages and gratuity under the labour codes in force since 21 November 2025: labour office and Tribunal.
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ଯୋଗାଯୋଗ ବିବରଣୀ
ପଟିଆ, ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱରରେ ପୂର୍ବ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଧାରିତ ସମୟରେ ସାକ୍ଷାତ।